求dy/dx=(2x3+3xy2+x)/(3x2y+2y3-y)的通解。
解:第一步:微分方程基本變形:
dy/dx=(2x3+3xy2+x)/(3x2y+2y3-y),
右邊分母分子分別提取公因式x,y,則:
dy/dx=x(2x2+3y2+1)/y(3x2+2y2-1),
將右邊提出的x,y移動到等號左邊。
ydy/xdx=(2x2+3y2+1)/(3x2+2y2-1),
左邊湊分分別到dy、dx中,得:
dy2/dx2=(2x2+3y2+1)/(3x2+2y2-1)。
" Type="normal"SectionTitle="第二步,對等號右邊進行分離變形" Type="normal"@@
設:
(2x2+3y2+1)/(3x2+2y2-1)
=[2(x2+m)+3(y2+n)]/[3(x2+m)+2(y2+n)].
由對應項系數相等得方程:
2m+3n=1,且3m+2n=-1。解方程得m=-1,n=1.
代入微分方程得:
dy2/dx2=[2(x2-1)+3(y2+1)]/[3(x2-1)+2(y2+1)].
" Type="normal"SectionTitle="第三步,換元法得新微分方程" Type="normal"@@
設:u=(y2+1)/(x2-1),則:
u(x2-1)=y2+1,兩邊求全微分得:
(x2-1)du+udx2=dy2
dy2/dx2=u+(x2-1)du/dx2,回代微分方程得:
u+(x2-1)du/dx2
=[2(x2-1)+3u(x2-1)]/[3(x2-1)+2u(x2-1)]
=(2+3u)/(3+2u)。
" Type="normal"SectionTitle="第四步,對新微分方程積分" Type="normal"@@
用分離變量積分法,對變形后的微分方程積分如下:
(x2-1)du/dx2=2(1-u2)/(3+2u)
(3+2u)du/(1-u2)=2dx2/(x2-1)
3∫du/(1-u2)-1*∫d(1-u2)/(1-u2)=2∫dx2/(x2-1)
3/2ln|(1+u)/(1-u)|-1*ln|1-u2|=2ln|x2-1|+ C?
[(1+u)/(1-u)]3/(1-u2)2=c?(x2-1)?.
(1+u)*(1-u)^(-5)=c?(x2-1)?。
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第五步,回代換元變量,得方程通解
(1+u)=c?(x2-1)?*(1-u)?.
[(x2+y2)/(x2-1)]
=c?(x2-1)?*[(x2-y2-2)/(x2-1)]?,
即:(x2+y2)=C(x2-y2-2)?。
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