“歷史永不原諒向文明開戰”

當戰火蔓延至文明腹地，人們越來越擔心受損的不僅是建筑，更是跨越千年的文化記憶。

考古學家在伊拉克摩蘇爾老城

伊朗文化遺產、旅游和手工業部數據顯示，美以襲擊破壞了伊朗至少131處歷史和文明古跡，其中甚至包括德黑蘭唯一世界文化遺產古萊斯坦宮（又稱玫瑰宮）。

Iranian Minister of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts Seyed Reza Salehi-Amiri said at least 131 historical and civilizational monuments were damaged during attacks by the US and Israel, including the Golestan Palace, Xinhua News Agency reported on April 10.

古列斯坦宮（伊朗德黑蘭宮殿）

在歷史名城伊斯法罕，有23處珍貴遺址遭到破壞，其中最重要的是四十柱宮。

在庫爾德斯坦省，12處歷史古跡受損。

伊朗藝術家及學者內達·佐吉（Neda Zoghi）對《中國日報》表示：“超過100處文化遺產在數周內被蓄意或無意地摧毀，我們正目睹對一個文明的物質記憶所進行的系統性抹除。”

"When over 100 cultural heritage sites and museums sustain deliberate or negligent destruction in a matter of weeks, we are confronting something far more calculated — the systematic dismantling of a civilization's physical memory," said Iranian artist Neda Zoghi, who holds a doctorate in Islamic art and is a civilization specialist at the Asia West East Centre, a research center based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

四十柱宮（伊朗伊斯法罕宮殿）

研究伊朗傳統藝術數十年的佐吉強調，伊朗的藝術遺產層層疊加——一座清真寺可能融合磚砌、書法、馬賽克和彩繪內壁---——每一層都承載著獨特的文化內涵。“當這樣的建筑遭到破壞時，你失去的不僅僅是一樣物品，還有很多東西，而每一樣都是無法替代的。”

She said that Iranian artistic heritage is deeply layered. A single mosque may contain brickwork, calligraphy, tile mosaics, and painted interiors, and each layer has a different conversation.

"When such a structure is damaged, you do not lose one thing. You lose many things simultaneously, each irreplaceable," Zoghi said.

在古萊斯坦宮遭到破壞后，聯合國教科文組織于3月2日發表聲明稱，將繼續密切關注伊朗及整個地區的文化遺產狀況，以確保其得到保護。該組織表示，自2023年10月7日以來，截至3月24日，加沙地帶已有164處遺址遭到破壞。

Following the damage to the Golestan Palace, UNESCO released a statement on March 2, saying it continues to closely monitor the situation of cultural heritage in Iran and across the region, with a view to ensuring its protection.

As of March 24, UNESCO confirmed it has verified damage to 164 sites in Gaza since Oct 7, 2023.

伊朗聯合國教科文組織全國委員會秘書長在新聞發布會手持法拉克城堡模型

加沙地帶被毀壞的遺址

與此同時，黎巴嫩的文化遺產也面臨威脅。應貝魯特要求，聯合國教科文組織于4月1日召開了一次特別會議，決定對黎巴嫩39處文化遺產給與“強化保護”，并提供超過10萬美元的緊急援助。

該地區的一些專家表示擔憂，即使像泰爾和巴勒貝克這樣的大城市沒有直接成為目標，附近爆炸產生的震動也可能破壞建筑物。

Some experts in the region have expressed concerns that even if major sites such as Tyre and Baalbek are not directly targeted, vibrations from nearby explosions could destabilize structures and columns.

巴勒貝克擁有世界上保存最完整的古羅馬神廟遺址，這里也是中東地區最負盛名的文化藝術活動巴勒貝克國際節的舉辦地。這一盛會原定于7月底或8月初舉辦，但目前有可能因戰爭而推遲或取消。

Baalbek, a large archaeological complex, is home to some of the world's best-preserved ancient Roman temple ruins. It is also home to Lebanon's renowned cultural Baalbeck International Festival. It was supposed to take place at the end of July and beginning of August. But it is likely that the festival will be postponed or canceled this year.

巴勒貝克（黎巴嫩古城）

印度尼西亞大學法學院副教授阿里·艾佛里安夏表示，聯合國教科文組織決定加強對黎巴嫩文化遺址的保護在法律上很重要，但在現實中并非物理盾牌。因為以色列并非《海牙公約》第二議定書締約國，執行力度存在局限。

他表示：“在黎巴嫩，損害依然存在，政權也因此削弱，因為以色列不是 1999 年《第二議定書》的締約國，盡管 1954 年《海牙公約》仍然適用。”

艾佛里安夏強調，沖突各方如果襲擊受保護的財產，就應該被追究責任。

Arie Afriansyah, a professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of Indonesia, said that UNESCO's move to enhance protection for 39 cultural sites in Lebanon "is legally important, but only partly effective in practice".

"In Lebanon, damage has still occurred, and the regime is weakened because Israel is not a party to the 1999 Second Protocol, though the 1954 Hague Convention still applies."

Parties in the conflict, Afriansyah said, should be held accountable if they attack the protected properties.

伊朗藝術家佐吉呼吁國際社會正視“文化暴力”：“你可以對一個政府發動戰爭，但歷史永遠不會原諒你向文明開戰。”

"You may wage war against a government, (but) history will never forgive you for waging war against civilization," said civilization specialist Zoghi.

記者：Jan Yumul

編譯：楊涵

跟著China Daily

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