研究生 | 誰決定課題和實(shí)驗(yàn)？

來源：饒毅科學(xué)

【實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的研究生或博士后，一般應(yīng)該是研究生、博士后自由選擇課題，決定實(shí)驗(yàn)，而實(shí)驗(yàn)室的老師提供指導(dǎo)、提供幫助】

自從 1983 年讀研究生開始，我自己遇到的導(dǎo)師（上海第一醫(yī)學(xué)院的張安中、舊金山加州大學(xué)的詹裕農(nóng)和葉公杼、哈佛的 Douglas Melton），都是讓研究生、博士后自己選擇課題和實(shí)驗(yàn)，雖然他們提供指導(dǎo)和幫助，但最后的選擇是自己。

因此，我從來沒有想過還有其他模式。

我自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，自然也是研究生和博士后自己選擇。

錄取研究生和博士后，每個(gè)老師有自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但自從我到舊金山加州大學(xué)讀書，研究生首先是系里錄取，入學(xué)后再輪轉(zhuǎn)，與導(dǎo)師雙向選擇，所以研究生錄取還不僅是導(dǎo)師一個(gè)人的選擇。博士后是直接由導(dǎo)師選擇。

一旦加入實(shí)驗(yàn)室，我以前都及時(shí)告訴學(xué)生（現(xiàn)在年紀(jì)大了、也因?yàn)榕c以前太重復(fù)）：

不僅課題是自己決定，而且每天的實(shí)驗(yàn)更是自己決定。老師和實(shí)驗(yàn)室可以給研究生提供指導(dǎo)，也可以提出可以選擇的課題，更應(yīng)該指出不同課題的重要性和對(duì)學(xué)生是否合適，還應(yīng)該及時(shí)止損，或者有其他機(jī)遇應(yīng)該提醒學(xué)生注意，這些機(jī)遇可以來自實(shí)驗(yàn)室、也可以來自科學(xué)的進(jìn)展。

周傳在我實(shí)驗(yàn)室，開始我建議過研究果蠅的磁感應(yīng)，后來他自己改成研究果蠅的打架，開創(chuàng)了我實(shí)驗(yàn)室一系列的社會(huì)行為的分子遺傳學(xué)研究。這完全是他帶領(lǐng)了我實(shí)驗(yàn)室的一部分，而不是我。在這個(gè)過程中，他與國(guó)際科學(xué)家交流，包括研究生期間多次出國(guó)或開會(huì)、或參加暑期班。他也與幾個(gè)研究生同學(xué)給北大本科生開課，分享他們的智識(shí)快樂。

周傳喜歡科學(xué)，在他短暫的一生，he had fun with science。

例如，以下是周傳寫的，沒有發(fā)表的，我一字沒改：

Fighting drunk flies

Chuan Zhou

The models of ethanol intoxication and tolerance in Drosophila have been established and the genetic mechanisms of that revealed recently. Locomotion or loss of body control as behavioral output has allowed rapid and reliable mutant characterization and facilitated mechanistic studies, whereas on the other hand, disadvantages are manifested by the inability of mimicking the repertoire of complex behaviors elicited or altered by alcohol in mammals and humans. One of the long noticed behavioral traits that are thought to be tightly and causally linked to alcoholism is aggression. Our ancestors had learned to rouse the aggressiveness of warriors with a cup of wine before they went out for a battle (Fig. 1). However, the destructive effect caused by alcoholism is also without doubt: 25% of the violent crimes have been thought to be committed by individuals of alcohol abuse In the USA. In spite of the importance of alcohol-aggression relationship, little is known about the mechanism with the exception of a few studies in mammals pointing out the involvement of dopamine and serotonin pathway.

We thus sought to establish the model of alcohol heightened aggression in Drosophila. Flies aged for 5 days in a group of 10 were exposed to either humidified air, ethanol vapor produced by diffusing air through a 95% alcohol solution (high level exposure), or a combination of the two (middle level exposure). The middle level exposure of ethanol vapor was achieved by mixing 45 flow units of air with 50 flow units of ethanol vapor. Interestingly, middle concentration of alcohol treatment could significantly increase the number of lunging, the most prominent fighting pattern in fruitfly fighting, and reduce the fighting latency (Fig. 2a, b). It should also worth noting that alcohol exposure of high concentration almost phenocopied that of middle concentration, which is a bit surprising because only low but not high dose of alcohol consumption is able to change aggression in mammals. There is a trend of increase in escalated fighting patterns which include holding, boxing and tussling after alcohol treatment, though not significantly (Fig. 2c). We also tested the effects of middle level alcohol exposure for different time courses. The results showed that 10 min is most effective to promote aggression, whereas 30 min of exposure is not able to significantly change the aggression indices, possibly due the sedation effect of enduring ethanol consumption (Fig. 3).

Hence our results suggest a potentially excellent model for studying the interaction between alcohol sensitization and aggression. It is still unclear that alcohol directly modulates the “aggression center” or indirectly effects on neurons which project excitatory or inhibitory afferents to aggression responsible neurons. It is also unknown whether the effect of alcohol on aggression is acute or long-lasting, or whether the chronic treatment of alcohol is as effective. It should be interesting to investigate whether genes implicated in alcohol intoxication are involved in alcohol heightened aggression or not. For example, CREB pathway has been proven to be a key regulator in behavioral plasticity of alcohol intoxication and in social experience regulated sleep. Since we have known that social experience also greatly influences aggression, it would be interesting to ask that whether CREB also play a role in modulation of aggression by alcohol or isolation (grouping) effects, and in what extent the repertoire of genes regulate alcohol heightened aggression and isolation induced aggression is the same or different. The power of fly genetics should allow us to identify the genes and biochemical pathways and neural circuits underlying this complex behavioral interaction.

圖：

我們長(zhǎng)期為科研用戶提供前沿資訊、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法、選品推薦等服務(wù)，并且組建了 70 多個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)交流群，覆蓋 PCR、細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)、蛋白研究、神經(jīng)科學(xué)、腫瘤免疫、基因編輯、外泌體、類器官等領(lǐng)域，定期分享實(shí)驗(yàn)干貨、文獻(xiàn)解讀等活動(dòng)。

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