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醛酮在堿性條件下得到烯醇鹽和另一個(gè)羰基化合物縮合得到β-羥基醛酮的反應(yīng)。有時(shí)β-羥基醛酮會(huì)脫水得到α,β-不飽和羰基化合物。將烯醇鹽加成到醛( ald ehyde )上得到醇( alcoh ol ),因此此反應(yīng)被稱為 Aldol 縮合反應(yīng)。
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原始的aldol反應(yīng)是用Br?nsted酸堿催化,但是此方法會(huì)有一系列副反應(yīng)生成,如自身縮合,多聚縮合,脫水后產(chǎn)物接著進(jìn)行Michael加成等等。先制備烯醇鹽在進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步縮合是Aldol反應(yīng)的重大突破。 由遷移金屬化可以制備Li、Na、Mg、Zn、B、Al、Ti等各種金屬烯醇鹽、其中只有硅和錫的烯醇鹽可以分離精制。特別是在路易斯酸性條件下硅烯醇鹽的羥醛加成反應(yīng)通常稱作。
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含硼Lewis酸介導(dǎo)的羥醛縮合反應(yīng)具有有極高的立體選擇性。此反應(yīng)的立體選擇性得益于硼氧鍵鍵長(zhǎng)較短,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致硼的烯醇鹽與醛形成了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的六元椅式中間過(guò)渡態(tài)。Z-烯醇鹽與醛反應(yīng)得到syn構(gòu)型羥醛產(chǎn)物,而E-烯醇鹽得到anti構(gòu)型產(chǎn)物。
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反應(yīng)機(jī)理
用Zimmerman-Traxler六元環(huán)過(guò)渡態(tài)模型(J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 1920.)能夠較好的解釋說(shuō)明底物與產(chǎn)物立體化學(xué)見(jiàn)得關(guān)系。因?yàn)槿┑娜〈鵨quatorial處在平伏位置的過(guò)渡態(tài)穩(wěn)定,有烯醇的立體特異性決定產(chǎn)物的立體化學(xué)。也就是說(shuō),由Z-烯醇鹽得到syn構(gòu)型羥醛產(chǎn)物、由E-烯醇鹽得到anti構(gòu)型產(chǎn)物。
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一般而言,使用M-O鍵強(qiáng)的金屬(硬酸,絡(luò)合能較大的金屬)六元環(huán)過(guò)渡態(tài)的環(huán)足夠穩(wěn)固,立體選擇性會(huì)提高。加入HMPA等與鋰等金屬配位能力較強(qiáng)的配位性溶劑、可使金屬烯醇鹽得到極化,提高反應(yīng)性能。另一方面,因它不可能采取六元環(huán)過(guò)渡態(tài),會(huì)使選擇性反轉(zhuǎn),就變得依賴于底物。
反應(yīng)實(shí)例
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【Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 9169-9202】
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【J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 7750-7760】
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【Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 733-736】
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【Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 1031-1034】
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【Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 166-168】
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【J. Org. Chem. 2006,5228-5230】
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【Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 1759-1766】
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【Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6877-6880】
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【Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 178-181】
相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)
1. Wurtz, C. A. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1872, 17, 436-442. Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884) was born in Strasbourg, France. After his doctoral training, he spent a year under Liebig in 1843. In 1874, Wurtz became the Chair of Organic Chemistry at the Sorbonne, where he educated many illustrous chemists such as Crafts, Fittig, Friedel, and van’t Hoff. The Wurtz reaction, where two alkyl halides are treated with sodium to form a new carbon-carbon bond, is no longer considered synthetically useful, although the aldol reaction that Wurtz discovered in 1872 has become a staple in organic synthesis. Alexander P. Borodin is also credited with the discovery of the aldol reaction together with Wurtz. In 1872 he announced to the Russian Chemical Society the discovery of a new by-product in aldehyde reactions with properties like that of an alcohol, and he noted similarities with compounds already discussed in publications by Wurtz from the same year.
2. Nielsen, A. T.; Houlihan, W. J. Org. React. 1968, 16, 1-438. (Review).
3. Still, W. C.; McDonald, J. H., III. Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 1031-1034.
4. Mukaiyama, T. Org. React. 1982, 28, 203-331. (Review).
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8. Yang, Z.; He, Y.; Vourloumis, D.; Vallberg, H.; Nicolaou, K. C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 166-168.
9. Mahrwald, R. (ed.) Modern Aldol Reactions, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2004. (Book).
10. Desimoni, G.; Faita, G.; Piccinini, F.; Toscanini, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2006,5228-5230.
11. Guillena, G.; Najera, C.; Ramon, D. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2007, 18, 2249-2293. (Review on enantioselective direct aldol reaction using organocatalysis.)
12. Doherty, S.; Knight, J. G.; McRae, A.; Harrington, R. W.; Clegg, W. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 1759-1766.
13. O’Brien, E. M.; Morgan, B. J.; Kozlowski, M. C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6877-6880.
14. Trost, B. M.; Brindle, C. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 1600-1632. (Review).
15. Gazaille, J. A.; Abramite, J. A.; Sammakia, T. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 178-181.
16. Esumi, T.; Yamamoto, C.; Tsugawa, Y.; Toyota, M.; Asakawa, Y.; Fukuyama Y. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1898–1901.
編輯自:
一、Name Reactions (A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms), Jie Jack Li, Aldol condensation,page 3-5.
二、Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in OrganicSynthesis, László Kürti and Barbara Czakó, aldol reaction, page 8-9.
三、化學(xué)空間:https://cn.chem-station.com/reactions/%E5%8A%A0%E6%88%90%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94/2014/05/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E7%BE%9F%E9%86%9B%E7%BC%A9%E5%90%88%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94cross-aldol-reaction.html
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